Different calendars and christmas

The Roman calendar that had been in use since the eighth century B.C. originally started the year on March 1 and had 10 months as the names of the months themselves indicate, September (7), October (8), November (9) and December (10). Eventually two months were added, Januarius and Februarius, and the year was started on January. However, it was only 355 days long so it had over ten days error and the seasons and the calendar over the years continued to lose their correct relationship.

JULIAN CALENDAR

JULIUS CAESAR FINALLY in 46 B.C. had the Greek astronomer Sosigenes establish the length of the solar calendar at 365 and one quarter days (365.25). Every fourth year was to add one day to keep the quarter days accurate and this has now become our leap year with February 29. The Julian Calendar was introduced on January 1, 45 B.C. and the next year Caesar was honored by having the seventh month renamed in his honor as July. A later Roman Emperor, Augustus Caesar, corrected the leap year system in A.D. 8 and in his honor a month was renamed August. The Julian calendar consisted of cycles of three 365-day years followed by a 366-day leap year. Around 9 BC, it was found that the priests in charge of computing the calendar had been adding leap years every three years instead of the four decreed by Caesar (Vardi 1991, p. 239). As a result of this error, no more leap years were added until 8 AD. Leap years were therefore 45 BC, 42 BC, 39 BC, 36 BC, 33 BC, 30 BC, 27 BC, 24 BC, 21 BC, 18 BC, 15 BC, 12 BC, 9 BC, 8 AD, 12 AD, and every fourth year thereafter.

But the Julian year of 365 days and 6 hours exceeds the true solar year of 365.2422 days or 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes and 46 seconds by the amount of 11 minutes 14 seconds. The difference is about 0.0078 of a day per year or about one day in 128 years. Over a period of 1,500 years the calendar was again getting out of step with the natural seasons by about ten days.

Christmas, which had been celebrated on many different dates was finally fixed on December 25th by Bishop Liberius of Rome.

In 354 A.D. he chose the date to replace a Roman pagan festival of sun-god worship with Christ's Mass, a Christian event.

GREGORIAN CALENDAR

FINALLY POPE GREGORY XIII in 1582 introduced changes to correct the error in the Julian Calendar. To restore the vernal or spring equinox to March 21st he eliminated the 10 days from March 11 to 21 in 1582 so the dates March 12 to 20 never existed in 1582, at least not in Roman Catholic countries. Some Protestant countries like England and Sweden adopted the new calendar only in 1752 so there was 11 days difference by then. Russia, however, did not follow suit until 1918, when January 31, 1918 was immediately followed by February 14th. In fact, however, the USSR is not on the Gregorian calendar, but on a more accurate one of their own devising. The USSR calendar is designed to more closely approximate the true length of the tropical year, thus has one additional rule for when a year is a leap year. It will remain in synchronization with the Gregorian calendar for thousands more years, by which time one or both will have probably fallen into disuse. Similarly, Iranian calendar is also a more accurate version of the Gregorian calendar.

The calendar currently in worldwide use for secular purposes based on a cycle of 400 years comprising 146,097 days, giving a year of average length 365.2425 days. The Gregorian calendar is a modification of the Julian calendar in which leap years are omitted in years divisible by 100 but not divisible by 400. By this rule, the year 1900 was not a leap year (1900 is divisible by 100 and not divisible by 400), but the year 2000 will be a leap year (2000 is divisible by 400).

The Orthodox and Eastern rite churches such as the Ukrainian have maintained the Julian Calendar for ecclesiastical purposes into this century.

link1
link2
link3

Tarih - Almanya

Bildigimiz Almanya'nin ulus-devlet olarak kurulusu 1871. O zamana kadar ufak ufak devletcikler var. Prusyalilar ve Avusturyalilar bu devletciklerin en gucluleri. Bunlara kafa tutabilmek icin diger devletcikler bir konfederasyon kuruyor.

Avrupa'da Bati Roma yikildiktan sonra (MS 400-500 falan) bir guc boslugu oluyor. Charlemagne 800 yilinda Avrupanin buyuk kismini kontrol altina aliyor. Bu devlete Carolingian Imparatorlugu deniyor... Bu imparatorluk 843'te ikiye ayriliyor. Dogu kismi bugunku Fransa'nin temelini atiyor, bati kismi da Almanya'nin. Bati kismina Kutsal Roma-Jermen Imparatorlugu deniyor. Bu imparatorluk 1806'da yikiliyor sonra ilk paragraftaki seyler oluyor. 1806'dan 1871'e gelene kadar Prusya ve Avusturya guc icin savasiyorlar. Prusya yeniyor. Ve 1871'de Prusyanin liderliginde diger devletcikler birleserek Alman Imparatorlugunu kuruyorlar. Avusturya da Macaristan'la birlesip Avusturya-Macaristan Imparatorlugunu kuruyor (1867). Alman Imparatorlugunun kurulmasinda en cok adi gecen kisi Otto Van Bismark. Kendisi cok buyuk bir devlet adamiymis ve Prusyalilarla birlesip Avusturyalilari yenmis. Daha sonra Fransizlari yenmis ve 1871'de Prusya Krali Alman Krali olarak taclandirilmis. Fransizlari kil edecek sekilde bu olay Versailes Sarayinda yapilmis... Almanlar Kutsal Roma Jermen Imparatorluguna 1. Reich diyorlar. Almanya Imparatorluguna ikinci Reich ve Nazi hukumetine de ucuncu Reich. Reich, donem gibi bir anlamda kullanilmis.

Bu Alman Imparatorlugu Birinci Dunya Savasindan sonra son buluyor. Bu arada ilginc bir sey var. Alman Imparatoru Kaiser Williem Ingiltere Kralicesi Victorya'nin torunu. Bugunku Ingiliz kraliyet ailesinin soyu Alman....

Birinci Dunya Savasi'ndan sonra Weimar Cumhuriyeti kuruluyor Almanya'dan kalanlarla... Bu cumhuriyet 1933'te Naziler basa gelene kadar devam ediyor. Naziler anayasayi falan degistirip Almanya'yi yine bir imparatorluk haline getiriyorlar. Ucuncu Reich da 1945'te Almanya'nin yenilmesiyle bitiyor...

Kaynak - Wikipedia

Tarih - Roma Imparatorlugu'ndan sonra Avrupa

Beginning in 57 BC, Julius Caesar extended the power of Rome into the region of Europe that is now Belgium. The people he encountered there were the Belgae, one of the various Celtic tribes of early Gaul, and the Romans dubbed their new province Gallia Belgica. In the fourth century AD, with Rome in decline, control of Gaul was ceded to the Franks, a Germanic tribe that the weakened empire employed as mercenaries. As the Franks flourished, they decided to dispense with their Roman employers. By 431, they had established an independent dynasty, the Merovingian, with its capital at Tournai. Soon after, under Clovis I (c.466-511), the Merovingians succeeded in pummeling the last of the Romans in Gaul. They held large parts of present day France and Belgium as well as southwestern Germany. Clovis also adopted Christianity, thus gaining the support of the Church.

After Clovis' death the Merovingian kingdom began to fragment, and the Frankish lands did not come together under single rule again until the reign of Pepin III (the Short) in 751. Pepin deposed the last of the Merovingians and founded the Carolingian dynasty, which is named after his son Charlemagne.

Charlemagne succeeded his father in 768 and ruled for almost a half century, creating during that time an empire that covered nearly all of continental Europe, with the exception of Spain and Scandinavia. In 800, Pope Leo III crowned him Emperor of the West. Although Charlemagne spent much of his reign conquering and subduing various parts of Europe, he also did much to foster commerce and the arts.

On Charlemagne's death, his empire was divided, and familial feuding led finally to the Treaty of Verdun in 843. Under the terms of the treaty, three of Charlemagne's grandsons split the empire between them. West Francia, under Charles the Bold, formed the basis of France. The Middle Kingdom was given to Lothair, though it would soon fragment. East Francia, under Louis the German, became the basis of Germany.

Abraham Lincoln

"When I do good, I feel good; when I do bad, I feel bad. That's my religion."

Turkcesi: Iyi birsey yaptigim zaman kendimi iyi hissediyorum; kotu birsey yaptigim zaman kendimi kotu hissediyorum. Iste benim dinim budur.

Speaking of Faith

Bugun NPR'da 'Speaking of Faith' programinda Martin Marty isimli bir konuk vardi. Eleman din tarihcisi gibi bisey. Sunucunun gunumuzdeki dinle devlet islerinin yakinlasmis olmasiyla ilgili fikrini sormasi uzerine adam "when you give privilege to a religion, it gets corrupted" dedi. Yani "eger bir dine ayricalik tanirsan, o din yozlasir, bozulur." Cok dogru bence de. Okullarda dinlerin ogretilmesi gerektigini dusundugunu ama herhangi bir dinin asil dogru olarak ogretilmemesi gerektigini soyledi. Dinin gonullu ve ikna edici bir yapisi olmasi gerek ("it should be voluntary and persuasive"). Baski olmamali.

Programin internet sayfasi

Kevin Trudeau

Eleman bir reklam filmi cekmis. FDA'in ne kadar dandik bi kurulus oldugunu, dogal ilaclarla pek cok hastaligin iyilestirilebildigini anlatiyor... Kitabinin adi "The cures they don't want you to know." 1-800-717 2552'den bilgi alinabilir... Biraz incelemek lazim..

Biraz internette arastirdim adami; ve hakkinda pek cok iddia oldugunu gordum. Adam reklamlari sanki reklam degil de bir tv programi gibi formatlandirmis. Biri bu elemana sorular soruyor, bu eleman da cevap veriyor. FTC adama $500000 ceza vermis. Adamin bikac boyle iddiasi daha var. Mukemmel hafiza diye bir kitabi da varmis. Dedigi seyler mantikliydi aslinda ama elemanin herhangi bir kitabini para verip de almam. Guven vermiyor.

Mark Banner

C-SPAN'de bir tartismada izledim. Baya iyi bir konusmaci.

The Motorcycle Diaries

Faik'le beraber gittik filme... Gercekten de ozel gosterimmis. Insanlari oy vermeye cagiran declareyourself.com denen bi site organize etmis...

Film cok guzeldi. Che'nin kendi yazdigi kitaptan ve onunla beraber yolculuga cikan Alberto Granado'nun kitaplarindan yararlanilarak senaryosu hazirlanmis. Eger filme giderseniz aklinizda bulunsun en sonunda gercek fotograflar gosteriyorlar, onlari gormeden cikmayin salondan... Nasil Lord of the Rings'den sonra sovalye olmak isteyerek cikiyorsa insan salondan bu filmden sonra da devrim yapma istegiyle cikiyor :-) Ama isin kotusu "ne devrimi, neyin devrimi, nasil devrim" gibi sorulara cevap vermek cok zor gunumuzde. Zaten doktora tezi falan var, bi ton makale var ugrasilmasi gereken... Aslinda cevaplanmasi en zor soru sanirim su: Kimin icin devrim? Kendi amacsizligima amac katmak icin mi, yoksa gercekten olmasi gerektigi gibi insanlar icin mi? Hangi insanlar icin? Gunumuzde "insanlar icin, esitlik icin, kardeslik icin" gibi buyuk sozlerin anlamini yitirmesi belki de insanlarin esitlikle, kardeslikle, iyilikle alakalarinin olmamasindan... Tek ters bakisinla seni bicaklayabilecek kadar gozu donmus hovardalar icin mi devrim? Yoksa tecavuze ugramis 15 yasindaki kizini abisine oldurtturen hayvan icin mi? Yoksa en ufak bir para icin herseyi satabilecek kisiliksiz insanlar icin mi? Yolsuzluk yapanlara kufrederken hergun yolsuzluk yapanlar icin mi? Korku eken, korku bicen, sinirlayici, yerinde sayici, sozde gelenekciler icin mi? Bir yandan "kendim icin yasamak" bayagi ve ozelliksiz geliyor, ama bir yandan da ugruna yasayabilecegim insanlari secerken cok secici davraniyorum... Ve sonunda mutsuz bir sekilde yine kendim icin ve etrafimdaki ufak cemberdekiler icin yasiyorum... Amacsiz...Heyecansiz...